• Theoretical foundations. The elements of epistemology. Skepticism. Knowledge. Justification: a rule framework. Justification and reliability. Problem solving, power and speed. Truth and realism. The problem of content. Assessing our cognitive resources. Perception. Memory. Constraints on representation. Internal codes. Deductive reasoning. Probability judgments. Acceptance and uncertainty. Belief updating. Production systems and second - order processes. Conclusion: primary epistemic and cognitive science.

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